Interoperability and Vendor Neutrality in O-RAN Deployments

Abstract

The rapid evolution of 5G networks and the anticipated transition toward 6G architectures have amplified the demand for open, flexible, and vendor-neutral solutions in radio access networks (RAN). The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) initiative, driven by the O-RAN Alliance, promises to address this requirement by defining open interfaces, standardized architectures, and disaggregated components that allow multi-vendor interoperability. However, achieving seamless interoperability across diverse hardware and software vendors while maintaining operational efficiency, security, and performance remains a non-trivial challenge. This paper presents an in-depth investigation into the principles, challenges, and implementation strategies for ensuring interoperability and vendor neutrality in O-RAN deployments. The study combines a comprehensive literature analysis, covering standards from the O-RAN Alliance, 3GPP specifications, and industry whitepapers, with an experimental methodology based on a multi-vendor O-RAN testbed. The methodology leverages open fronthaul interfaces, Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) frameworks, and RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) platforms to evaluate interoperability under realistic network loads and varied radio conditions.

The results reveal that, while the O-RAN specifications provide a robust framework for interoperability, vendor-specific deviations in control plane protocols, timing synchronization, and hardware abstraction layers often create integration bottlenecks. Vendor neutrality, while theoretically achievable through strict adherence to open standards, is hindered by proprietary performance optimization techniques and security extensions that are not fully standardized. Our findings indicate that an interoperability compliance score exceeding 92% can be achieved by employing rigorous conformance testing, standardized API validation, and an iterative integration process supported by AI-driven network monitoring. Furthermore, the study highlights the economic and strategic benefits of vendor-neutral O-RAN deployments, including reduced total cost of ownership (TCO), increased innovation cycles, and greater resilience against vendor lock-in. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by proposing a structured interoperability validation framework that combines technical conformance, performance benchmarking, and cross-vendor orchestration testing. The proposed approach not only addresses the current limitations in multi-vendor O-RAN integration but also provides a scalable roadmap for ensuring sustained interoperability as networks evolve toward 6G and beyond. By balancing open standards with adaptive vendor collaboration, the framework supports the realization of a truly open, high-performance, and cost-effective RAN ecosystem