Networking Paradigms for Large-Scale IoT Deployments: A Survey on Reliability, Latency, and Scalability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63282/3050-9246.IJETCSIT-V3I1P115Keywords:
Internet of Things (IoT), Large-Scale IoT Networks, Zero-Trust Security, AI-Driven IoT Security, Gateway Placement, Botnet DetectionAbstract
The Internet of things (IoT) devices are usually taken as external dependencies and applications that are mainly used in providing information or carrying out simple processing and implementation of commands. With the recent advent of such devices that have in-built execution environments, practitioners can now develop and execute their own application logic on IoT devices. It is based on the essential requirements and networking paradigms of large-scale IoT deployments with scalability, low latency, and reliability as key performance metrics. As software-defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), fog/edge computing, 5G/6G integration, and fog/edge-to-fog communication are highlighted, the conventional client-server and centralized cloud models are examined. By performing a comparative analysis, it is shown that there exist trade-offs between centralized processing and localized decision-making in the attainment of fault tolerance, real-time responsiveness, and massive connectivity. The literature review summarizes the latest developments in secure communication protocols, zero-trust models, gateway-placement clustering algorithms, joint-computing gateway updates, and AI-based security and botnet detection. The results show that contemporary IoT systems improve scalability, performance, and resiliency, but cost optimization, energy efficiency, and practical validation continue to be problematic. The present study is significant because it surveys all the current paradigms in Internet of Things networking and points the way for future studies to build trustworthy, large-scale IoT ecosystems that are safe and dependable.
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